| Définition
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amkraḍ n Karpman ssaɣn as awd « amkraḍ amuggan n Karpman » (TDK) iga yan urmmus yamun g ufasr asniman n usmkl n umyawaḍ nna issiẓṛ umẓlay n tsnimant Stephen Karpman g 1968. unug-i n ussfsi da ittajja asksw, g talɣa n usinaryu, yat tsqqnt ur ixdimn (anzaf, amnzaɣ, anawl) gr sin wuggidn/imslsiwln. amkraḍ -a digs kraḍ tilal (tuggi) :
- ungis (amṛẓu) : (aslmad n tilalt) tilalt-a tlla as g uflla i umkraḍ, iddɣ nttat ad iḥrrin urar. s irfs-a, uggid ungis ɣurs s umata afrak n ulmaḍ, n umgrud, n ufrrus, war tamstggart d awd ar itqql (s ka n yan) /inurz ad iddu ka n yan ( s ismummuyn d unriz nnes) ad as yaws ijjnjmt, isgunfu sg tuẓẓift, angaẓ. g tilalt-a, s ismummuyn d unriz nnes ira ad as gn awnul ;
- amaẓuṛ (amadu, amkṛḍ) : awrik (amlkaḍ) nna ismẓiyn, ar isngirif wayyaḍ (ungis) issufɣ d inaruzn nns ukriḍn s umdya s islki, s uḥqqr, s uzawar, s uṭnaẓ.
- amilal (anbdad, amngdiw) : iga tilalt n uwrik nna, kud as d ittaɣ dat i umaẓuṛ, ittaɣ afus i wungis ( mqqar awd itsnt tikkal ur issutir tiwizi).
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