nssn is mzaraynt tdlsiwin g tanumi n usmrs nns. izmr ad yamẓ mnnaw n imuɣna: uḍṛiṣ +, aruḍṛiṣ nɣ ilikṭṛuniyn +, tsmun awd kra n tmatagin zund tiwlafin +, …
irm izdy d tmyadast n tigi +, asmattag iga yan wudem (uggid) nna ismuttugn +, nna isgmin d nna islmadn.
da itgga tawuri n « uslmad» d « umskar » g uslmd (assɣr).
ism n « usmattag » tmzaray d tin « uslmad » :
- aslmad da issiwiḍ (izzruy) tussniwin timiẓiṛin +, …
asmaynu ṛẓmn tamu g tmyadast « outside-in (bṛṛagnsu) » nna issbɣasn tisugar tibṛṛanin g tzigzt n usmaynu. +, asmaynu ṛẓmn tga yan urmmus nna d iskcm Henry Chesbrough g 2003. da ismal yat tmyadast tanjmut n tzigzin n usmaynu nna isskcamn taccurt d twizi ingr imsnfluln d insmrasn n tiknulujyin d ifsayn n usmaynu. amdya-a inyyc ad ilks isugam agʷnsan d ubṛṛan n usmaynu afad ad yaws g isllwi d tsbbabt iyafutn d tnufa imaynutn. +
da tkka tilawt kigan n tsttayin aynnaɣ axf ttugan sin irmmusn « tawalit » d « usmdya». tawalit n tilawt tga tunmast nna g ku uggid dars afasr nns srs iẓlin.
nil Edgar Morin +, asmdya tga yat tnɣruft tawssant mi ɣur inamaẓn n umata d twart nna tikki tzigzt n tiṣki. tazigzt-a tskutta xf tmyaɣt n mnnaw n ifrdas:
-tawalit tanfrayt n tilawt ;
- tiwnaɣin n twngimt;
- tisaywalin (izmzumn). +
asmetti iga ammakn n ussiwḍ n ilugnn (ilugann) d ilgamn tinamunin d awd tamamkt nna ttamẓn wuggidn.
asmetti iɣy ad ig :
- anuman +, iga g umdya-a amxas d amsraw ;
- amdrug +, nna igan tizigzt tarafrrant nna s issidif ubrsir atiggn +, …
asmutty n imzdaɣn iga yan uskkir nna s ittmuttuy yan/nɣ kigan n ibrra n wuggidn sg uzdduɣ nnesn amagnu s yat tmnaḍt (tsga +, tɣmrt) aḍnin +, g usati n uzwag s iɣnan (ccil-asn) nna iskar uwank nɣ ca n udabu agrɣlan (Wikipédia).
nil Josef Schechtmann (1946) +, …
iga usmuṭṭun« yan wammak aliktṛuni n usyafa n tilfin tiliktṛuniyin sg tntamt nɣ kra n uskkin afizik +, nɣ sg tilft aliktṛuni amyaɣ. awttas amzwaru n usmuṭṭun iga t uḥṭṭu n warratn +, mqqar d tsntayin timzwura ur wala ṛwint. +
tga akray n yizwl n imzdaɣn g kra n wasun nɣ tamazirt g yan uzmz iẓlin. mnnaw n tmntal da ssiɣint akray-a +, zun d : agar n usɣl n tmttant nil usɣl n tlalitin +, asgidi (tamrniwt +, …
nil umawal n tkadimit tafranṣiṣt +, da isawal xef usnam is iga tigi n ad inbḍ d ad issɣd timuca timskilin n kra n ungraw +, d tummant afad ad imsisi d ulugn +, …
iga usnam asiman yan uzaru (tazigzt) nna ittawin s tzmrt n wuggid-anlmad d tiḍaf tinuggatin n tɣḍft nnes +, ifrayn nnes +, tiwngimin nnes d irfs (aṣniɛ) nns afad ad yaws g usbuɣlu g yirim n ulmmud. llant kraḍt taliɣiwin timẓlay n usnam asiman :
1. asnam asiman agʷnsan :anaw-i da ittuɣul s waddad awliwlan +, …
yamu g kraḍ wanawn n usnam asiman. da ittuɣul s waddad awliwlan +, amnfrak +, awssan d win nnjajt n wuggid-anlmad. ar tkccm g tmyaɣin nna illan gr kraḍ ifrdas-ad : iḍbiɛn (tiɣariwin +, …
yan g kraḍ wanawn n usnam asiman. yugl s tzmrt n ad isiwi (issugur) d ibaḍ g tigi (irfs +, aṣniɛ) n ulmmud. anaw-ad n usnam asiman da ittettr ad tili yat tsimat fara ad yiɣiy ad ikcm g uzrruy n ulmmud +, anya-nns d tmackutin n usuds nns. +
yan g kraḍ wanawn n usnam asiman. yugl s tzmrt n ad isiwi (issugur) d ibaḍ g tigi (irfs +, aṣniɛ) n ulmmud. anaw-ad n usnam asiman da ittettr ad tili yat tsimat fara ad yiɣiy ad ikcm g uzrruy n ulmmud +, anya-nns d tmackutin n usuds nns. +
yan g kraḍ wanawn n usnam asiman. yugl s tzmrt n ad isiwi (issugur) d ibaḍ g tigi (irfs +, aṣniɛ) n ulmmud. anaw-ad n usnam asiman da ittettr ad tili yat tsimat fara ad yiɣiy ad ikcm g uzrruy n ulmmud +, anya-nns d tmackutin n usuds nns. +
yamu g kraḍ wanawn n usnam asiman. da ittuɣul s waddad awliwlan +, amnfrak +, awssan d win nnjajt n wuggid-anlmad. ar tkccm g tmyaɣin nna illan gr kraḍ ifrdas-ad : iḍbiɛn (tiɣariwin +, …
asnam asiman n uwnaḍ iga yan g imuɣna (talɣiwin) timẓlay n usnam asiman. inetty g tstatijin ittugan g umnid n ad yili yan uwnaḍ asgman ifulkin (aẓulay +, anaflla) afad ad imurs almmud nnes. nil Annie Jézégou +, ittuga sg kraḍ ifrdas idasiln n uzurt tratsa n ustal n urẓẓum n uwnaḍ asgman (Géode) s 14 n ifrdas imunn (p.86):
1. ifrdas idɣrkudann (asadf +, …
D abeddel n unezwu di kra n temnaḍin n umaḍal; uɣalent temnaḍin-agi urtent-id-yettaweḍ ara ugeffur +, ikcem-itent uɣurar. Simal ttɣren deg-sent isaffen d tliwa +, negren yimɣan Yettuɣal wakal-nsent d aqerqar +, …
asmaynu ṛẓmn tamu g tmyadast « outside-in (bṛṛagnsu) » nna issbɣasn tisugar tibṛṛanin g tzigzt n usmaynu. +, asmaynu ṛẓmn tga yan urmmus nna d iskcm Henry Chesbrough g 2003. da ismal yat tmyadast tanjmut n tzigzin n usmaynu nna isskcamn taccurt d twizi ingr imsnfluln d insmrasn n tiknulujyin d ifsayn n usmaynu. amdya-a inyyc ad ilks isugam agʷnsan d ubṛṛan n usmaynu afad ad yaws g isllwi d tsbbabt iyafutn d tnufa imaynutn. +
