tamu g teknitin n urzzu (asaggʷ).g tizwiri +, tllwa-d g tsnafgant ɣur wattayn n 1800 g twuri « iburzn g mnnaw n tarrayin (tiɣarasin) s d iqqan uḍfuṛ nnsnt g tinẓi n imadann irmyarn (id xxu) » nna iskr Joseph-Marie de Gérando. ilmma +, g tsnimant g 1895 d Emile Durkheim d udlis nns « ilugnn n tɣarast n tsnimant ». d g tiyyira g trakalt ɣur wattayn n 1960.
« aseddi n isqsitn » iga ammi tnnit yat tseddiyt n istann (ssulan) imsasan (uddsn) d imẓlann nna ittyasrasn s yat tmamkt tanbridt inyycn yan uwttas afad ad taws i umrzu g ka n uxmmem (amnus +, …
d asiwel +, d netta ay d ammas s way s teddes tefyirt. Yis-s ay ttilin wawalen niḍen deg tefyirt. Ɣer useɣru ay d-tettban twuri-nsen. Aseɣru d awal imzireg(indépendant) +, ma ulac-it +, …
g tmassanin tinamunin +, asfsi asɣnan (ttelaɣan as awd s tirzi tasɣnant) iga yat tɣarast n usnflul (isllwi) isdiknn xef tsɣan tiḍulliyin n kra n uskkin (zun d angraw nnes +, awttas nnes...) +, …
«gant imussutn nna d ittddun g wassaɣ-ad «asfsi n tmskar» nɣ ka n wassaɣ imiwi +, – da ttwskarnt g yan usati ittwṣkan g usmuttg azzulan : asntay nɣ asulan.
– ittntay lummn winna iswurin g tazzulin zun-d : ismattagn +, islmadn +, …
sg usggʷas n 1950 +, iga usfsi n tumayt yat g tbrdin (tsnarrayin) nna ittwsmrasn g tmassanin tinfganin d tnamunin. tga tagrumma n tɣarasin (tarrayin) n usfsi n tntamin (warratn) +, gin-it inḍṛaṣn +, …
g tsnimant +, ila usgd kigan n inumak.
nil Karl Marx +, iga usgd « afrak igʷdmn n umaḍal» . s imki iga yat «tiẓirt tamatayt n umaḍal » (maca d yat tiẓiṛt tasallast itɣrran +, …
da ismal usibrsayrar yat « tgrumma n tmuca (isfka) smuṭṭunin g yan wammas n usnɣms d umyawaḍ +, yugln s umyazday amaḍlan n imssudas» +, itturmas uẓṭṭa zun d iga yan usayrar amaynu amarur n umyawaḍ amgru +, …
iga t uskkir n uskcm g yat tgrawt tanamunt. aywa iga yat tzigzt titnulujit iran ad ifk i wuggid (bnadm) nɣ akkʷ tarbiɛt tazmrt n ad yaɣ (ad irwis) g kra n ukabar. ilmma yadf aki-sen nɣ iga yan digsn ( iga digs agmam) +, yagm d g ungraw anamun nesn azalen d ilugenn n iskutta usidf xef snat tfadiwin :
-tayri (aqqas +, takṛẓi +, …
amatar udmawan d asilaw n ufeggag n umyag: yeswa: y : d asilaw +, swa: d aseɣru. Yeswa: anuddus amseɣru umyig (S.P.V). Tazelɣa n tilawt “d” d asilaw n yiseɣra irumyigen. Isilawen-a n yiseɣra irumyigen +, sawalen-asen daɣen imalalen n useɣru (auxiliaire de predication) +
D abeddel n tfekka n tewsit n yilsan +, iɣessan-sen ttiɣzifen +, ttirqiqen. Asisded n yiɣessan d tamatart n umutti n tewsit n yilsan. Timental n usisded(-agi n yiɣessan) d abeddel n unezwu akk d tiffin n yisufar n wučči ijdiden. +
nssn is mzaraynt tdlsiwin g tanumi n usmrs nns. izmr ad yamẓ mnnaw n imuɣna: uḍṛiṣ +, aruḍṛiṣ nɣ ilikṭṛuniyn +, tsmun awd kra n tmatagin zund tiwlafin +, …
irm izdy d tmyadast n tigi +, asmattag iga yan wudem (uggid) nna ismuttugn +, nna isgmin d nna islmadn.
da itgga tawuri n « uslmad» d « umskar » g uslmd (assɣr).
ism n « usmattag » tmzaray d tin « uslmad » :
- aslmad da issiwiḍ (izzruy) tussniwin timiẓiṛin +, …
asmaynu ṛẓmn tamu g tmyadast « outside-in (bṛṛagnsu) » nna issbɣasn tisugar tibṛṛanin g tzigzt n usmaynu. +, asmaynu ṛẓmn tga yan urmmus nna d iskcm Henry Chesbrough g 2003. da ismal yat tmyadast tanjmut n tzigzin n usmaynu nna isskcamn taccurt d twizi ingr imsnfluln d insmrasn n tiknulujyin d ifsayn n usmaynu. amdya-a inyyc ad ilks isugam agʷnsan d ubṛṛan n usmaynu afad ad yaws g isllwi d tsbbabt iyafutn d tnufa imaynutn. +
da tkka tilawt kigan n tsttayin aynnaɣ axf ttugan sin irmmusn « tawalit » d « usmdya». tawalit n tilawt tga tunmast nna g ku uggid dars afasr nns srs iẓlin.
nil Edgar Morin +, asmdya tga yat tnɣruft tawssant mi ɣur inamaẓn n umata d twart nna tikki tzigzt n tiṣki. tazigzt-a tskutta xf tmyaɣt n mnnaw n ifrdas:
-tawalit tanfrayt n tilawt ;
- tiwnaɣin n twngimt;
- tisaywalin (izmzumn). +
asmetti iga ammakn n ussiwḍ n ilugnn (ilugann) d ilgamn tinamunin d awd tamamkt nna ttamẓn wuggidn.
asmetti iɣy ad ig :
- anuman +, iga g umdya-a amxas d amsraw ;
- amdrug +, nna igan tizigzt tarafrrant nna s issidif ubrsir atiggn +, …
asmutty n imzdaɣn iga yan uskkir nna s ittmuttuy yan/nɣ kigan n ibrra n wuggidn sg uzdduɣ nnesn amagnu s yat tmnaḍt (tsga +, tɣmrt) aḍnin +, g usati n uzwag s iɣnan (ccil-asn) nna iskar uwank nɣ ca n udabu agrɣlan (Wikipédia).
nil Josef Schechtmann (1946) +, …
iga usmuṭṭun« yan wammak aliktṛuni n usyafa n tilfin tiliktṛuniyin sg tntamt nɣ kra n uskkin afizik +, nɣ sg tilft aliktṛuni amyaɣ. awttas amzwaru n usmuṭṭun iga t uḥṭṭu n warratn +, mqqar d tsntayin timzwura ur wala ṛwint. +
tga akray n yizwl n imzdaɣn g kra n wasun nɣ tamazirt g yan uzmz iẓlin. mnnaw n tmntal da ssiɣint akray-a +, zun d : agar n usɣl n tmttant nil usɣl n tlalitin +, asgidi (tamrniwt +, …
