tarakalt takmamt qqarn as awd s trakalt tagamant yamun g trakalt. iẓli-ad n imassann n trakalt da igllm udm n wakal +, iwa amnaḍ agaman +, maka ur tt tiwiy nican g imussutn infgann. +, …
tllwa trakalt n tmallayt sg usggʷas n 1960 +, tg yan iẓli g trakalt tadmsant. da tettntay s ubṭṭu n imussutn imlulluyn (timskar +, imggitn d isayrarn) n wuggidn nna ittmuttuyn bṛṛa n udɣar nsyn +, …
tarakalt takmamt qqarn as awd s trakalt tagamant yamun g trakalt. iẓli-ad n imassann n trakalt da igllm udm n wakal +, iwa amnaḍ agaman +, maka ur tt tiwiy nican g imussutn infgann. +, …
tga trakalt tadlsant yan iẓli n trakalt nna d illwan g tigira n tasut tiss tẓa d mraw (XIX).
g tsnamunt +, tga yat tmassant tanfgant nna iqqarn kra n ugdud (mdden +, imdann +, …
tarakalt takmamt qqarn as awd s trakalt tagamant yamun g trakalt. iẓli-ad n imassann n trakalt da igllm udm n wakal +, iwa amnaḍ agaman +, maka ur tt tiwiy nican g imussutn infgann. +, …
trakalt tanamunt d yan iẓli g trakalt nna d yumanen nɣ illwan g wattayn n tiyriwin n tasut tiss tẓa id mraw (XIX) d imɣur g tasut tiss snat id mraw (XX). tga tsmiglt (nɣ tuɣdaḍt) nnes tiɣri n isqsitn +, imyassatn d isɣwan illan ingr inamunn (afgan) d isayrarn (akal). s wayḍ wawal +, iga uwttas nnes adslan tiɣri n tmgga tirakalin mm tmitar tinamunin sg yat tɣmrt tanamunt. +
tarakalt tanfgant tga yan iẓli n tmassanin n trakalt nna iqqran tiɣmrt n isayrarn n imussutn n ufgan d tin uzdduɣ xf wudm n wakal. tla mnnaw n yigran mzaraynin : tasnimant +, tadimugrafit +, azrf... ar ttusmal s imki « yan usmdya n umaḍal d tmskarin tinfganin +, …
tarat tga iniḍi +, yan uluɣmu nɣ yat twuri s d iqqan ad tt iskr kra n unlmad afad ad ilkm kra n uwttas iẓlin d ad iddu ɣr dat g ulmmud nns.
taratin da gzzint g tsuɣlin d tɣlaf timaddudin n ku uswir g usslmd.
llan kigan n wanawn n taratin :
- taratin-iwttasn : tawuri tamsrawt s d iqqan ad tettug ;
- taratin-ammak (taskkirt) : nna immaln tiskkirrin s rad iḍfuṛ g tskrawt n iniḍi/amussu ;
- taratin n undah (aḥray +, agwwd): nna ittajjan asmigl n unlmad dat tzglin (aguln) iɣyn ad imsar ;
- taratin-isbdadn : ittajjan anlmad ad issided taskʷflt (tafsna) n tskrawt n iniḍi nns s isbdadn n umurs ittuswuttan g at.
itsnt ntynt yan iniḍi amggaru ad ittugulu. tiyyaḍ da ttawint s undah n unlmad s tfulmant (s tsimant) g usmad n kigan n tsmigal… +
D taɣult deg uslaḍ asnilsan i d-yettawin ɣef wazal n yimesla d twuri-nsen. Temgarad taɣult-a d tin n temsiselt acku iswi n tsenmeslit yeqqen ɣer usegzi n wazal n yimesli deg wassaɣen-ines d unamek n wawal ideg llan. +
sg ḍaṛt (dffir) 1990 +, taɣul tadlsa tamuṭṭunt tlla g wul n tɣuriwin (tizrawin) tinamunin xf tetknulujiyin timuṭṭunin d wantirnit. tiɣuriwin-agi zzwarnt d is antirnit qnna ad tumu g isllwi n yan umdya adsaln amaynu iskuttan xf ussmrs nns. s imki +, tadlsa tamuṭṭunt tga tamunt n mnnaw n ifrdas-titiqniyin tikmamin d twngimin +, …
g tmassanin n usgmi +, tga tslknt tigi n uslkn d usɣzn (azzruy) s tirra almmud n kra n wuggid (wudem) gin inigan n ulkam n iwttasn +, n tsuɣal d tɣlaf ittetr usiwr-nnaɣ.
tzmr nit ad tg taslknt tazzulant n itsnt tsugar +, …
Tasnalɣa d taɣult deg uslaḍ asnelsan +, tettawi-d ɣef talɣiwin n wawalen mebla assaɣen gar-asen. S uslaḍ n talɣiwin-agi +, ttbanent-d tesmilin n wawalen i umi sawalen « iferdisen n yinaw » (isem +, …
tga yan iẓli g tmassanin tinamunin. tga tamassant iqqarn afgan d tsqqnt nnes s wayyaḍ. awttas nnes adslan d arzzu g iskkirn ( iggitn) inamunen d tmyaɣin tinamunin. s irman aḍnin +, tasnamunt d aswngem g tudrt tamgrut n wamun d usfsi n uswuri d usnfl nnes. +
g umzgal d tsninawt +, taẓuri n wawal d uskasi +, tasnẓit tla yan udɣar axatar g tmassanin n usgmi.
ur da ttaws xs g umurs n ulmmud anmlan d imsdawn +, …
irm tasrtit nɣ tasrtit tdmsant tga tagrumma n wammakn d tɣtasin yumẓ uwank afad ad ilkm (igulu +, yawḍ) iwttasn inyycn asɣudu d usbuɣlu n tdamsa n tmazirt. aywa d « tgrumma n imnzayn n uskkir n kra n uwank nɣ kra n tnbaḍt +, nna iswuttun iwttasn +, …
